Get the lowdown on shea butter in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

We’d put our money on the fact that you’ve probably heard of shea butter, whether you’ve simply heard it mentioned or that it’s already a feature of your skincare routine.

But while you might be versed in how widely it’s used in skin and hair care products, you may not be so clued up on what makes it so beneficial in our beauty regimes. 

Want to find out more? We've taken a long look at what shea butter is and exactly how it works in beauty products.

What is shea butter?

Shea butter is made from African Shea tree nuts. The butter is the plant lipids; to harvest it, the Shea tree seed is harvested and the kernel is removed. It is then ground up into a powder form and boiled in water. The "butter" will rise to the top as oil, then harden and can then be added to cosmetics or foods.

It is one of the ingredients sourced as part of The Body Shop’s Fair Trade Community program in Ghana, one of the countries where it’s a fairly common substitute for butter or margarine. You may also have had it in some of your favorite chocolates and pastries since it is used worldwide.  

What are the benefits of shea butter for skin?

There are two types of shea butter available. Unrefined, which is raw shea butter and the purest form, has a beige color and smells nutty. On the other hand, refined shea butter may lose the nutty smell and have a white appearance. 

According to Emily Johnston, a certified physician assistant at Sanova Dermatology, refined shea butter "may look attractive but it doesn't have the same nutritional, moisturizing, or curative properties as unrefined shea butter does."

Shea butter is known for being rich in fatty acids, vitamins E, D, and A, soothing allantoin, and antioxidants, which offer some protection against environmental effects like free radicals and pollution.

Shea butter's thick consistency and the fact that it is deeply nourishing and soothing means that it is suitable to help with dry skin conditions on the body. However, this thick consistency means that it comes with a risk of clogging your pores, and so may not be suitable if you have skin that is very blemish or acne-prone.

How to use shea butter in your skincare routine

How you use shea butter in your routine will depend on the form you purchase it in and the relevant instructions. Moisturizers are generally applied towards the end of a skincare routine, while oils are always the last step excluding SPF, should you be using a product that's designed for the face. 

Because of its aforementioned thick and nourishing properties, shea butter is often found in many body and hair care products. Body moisturizer is best applied to damp skin after a bath or shower. Here are a few of our favorite options:

Now that you know all the uses and benefits of shea butter, we hope that you enjoy all that it does for your skincare routine. Get ready to have skin that's smooth like butter—literally!

Get the lowdown on tamanu oil in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

If you have ever looked through the health and wellness section of a natural food store, you might have seen tamanu oil.

This oil has numerous reported benefits for skin. Also known as beauty leaf oil, Calophyllum Inophyllum seed oil, and Alexandrian laurel oil, the use of tamanu oil has circled the globe after first originating in Polynesia. 

Add tamanu oil to your skincare routine and you could achieve naturally healthy, glowing skin—here’s how it works. 

What is tamanu oil?

Tamanu oil comes from the round, green fruits of the Calophyllum Inophyllum or tamanu trees, which grow in tropical regions. The nuts produce a sticky, bluish-yellow to dark green oil which has a disagreeable flavor and smell

Once the oils are refined to remove the resinous materials, it produces the oil that can be used on skin and hair, which is then included in numerous cosmetic products around the world.

What are the benefits of tamanu oil for skin?

As a fatty nut oil tamanu oil has properties that are beneficial to skin, like some UV protection, antibacterial attributes, scar improvement and moisturizing properties.

It contains elements in the oils that produce an anti-inflammatory effect that reduces redness in irritated skin. It also contains vitamin E for a healthy glow. The oil acts as a barrier on top of the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture.

Tamanu oil contains properties that may help alleviate pain and heal blisters, small cuts, and scrapes—although it's best not to do so on large or open wounds without the advice of a doctor.

This oil may also be beneficial to fight the itch of an insect bite, and is thought to help with collagen production to help reduce the effects of free radicals that prematurely age skin.

How to add tamanu oil to your skincare routine

When it comes to skincare products, your regime should be applied from thinnest to thickest consistency, so oils will generally be the last step in your routine (apart from your best sunscreen for face during the day). Like with the best moisturizers for dry skin, most people like to use an oil at nighttime and/or in winter because of their thicker, more nourishing consistency.

For haircare, take a few drops in your hands and massage the hair down while applying a little extra to the ends. This may help in healing the appearance of dry or damaged hair. We’ve rounded up a few of our favorite products below. 

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Applying tamanu oil is as simple as applying most oils if you remember to stay away from your mouth and eyes. Before applying to large areas of your body, it is best to test the product on a spot of skin, although it’s unlikely to be safe for those with tree nut allergies. Remember that tamanu oil can spread easily over a large area, so only a small amount is necessary for use. Tamanu oil dries quickly while leaving the skin smooth and soft. 

While the tamanu oil has healing properties, it should not be used on large wounds without consulting a doctor. Use on insect bites, stretch marks, scrapes, and small cuts after gently cleansing the area. Place a drop or two on the site and gently spread to cover the wound. Allow seeping into the skin before applying bandages.

Tamanu oil is excellent for nourishing skin and hair. We’re sure you’ll be reaping the benefits in no time at all.

Get the lowdown on marula oil in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Marula oil has burst into mainstream popularity and is now regularly touted as a key tool for enhancing your skincare regimen.

But if you’re yet to add it into your skincare routine—or even hear of it altogether—you may be wondering: what is marula oil and why should you try to incorporate it into your beauty regime?

Below, we'll explore all the ins and outs of marula oil and what it can do for your skin.

What is marula oil exactly?

Marula oil is extracted from the kernel or seeds from the fruits of marula trees. Marula trees are large, deciduous trees native to the Miombo woodlands of southern Africa. The seeds are housed in a walnut-sized stone, similar to a plum pit, usually two to four per stone. 

Marula oil can be extracted from both the hard nut and with even more ease from the seeds within. The oil has excellent saponification properties and is a beautiful golden clear color with a nutty aroma. In many cultures, marula fruit was a staple daily diets and was considered a delicacy that is still included in some of the region's most traditional cuisines. Marula oil has many other uses, from treating high-quality leather to use as cooking oil, but by far its most widespread use today is for hair and skincare.

Cult skincare brand Drunk Elephant famously uses marula oil in many of its products. They write on their website: "Virgin marula oil, straight from the pip of the marula fruit, can be found throughout the Drunk Elephant line. It is an oil we believe is superior to any we've tried due to the high content of fatty acids and antioxidants."

What are the benefits of marula oil for skin?

Marula oil stands out from other oils due to its ideal traits for skincare, as it can preserve youthful qualities in the skin and protect you from dryness. There are a number of reasons why it’s so beneficial to skin. 

The high fatty acid content of marula oil gives it an incredibly stable composition, which is helpful to incorporate it into lotions and other skincare products easily and more smoothly. High levels of fatty acids in oil usually indicate that it will have excellent moisturizing and emollient properties and this is certainly the case with marula oil.

What’s more, it’s also rich in antioxidants. The high levels of vitamin E and vitamin C in marula oil help fight off free radicals and prevent damage from pollution and UV rays. The high amino acid content in the oil makes it anti-aging, helping to tighten up the skin and restore a youthful luster, and it also has antimicrobial properties.

That said, it’s worth pointing out that several expert sources list marula oil as having a comedogenic rating of 3 or 4, meaning that it’s fairly likely to clog pores and wouldn't be suitable for those who need non-comedogenic products—namely those whose skin is acne- or blemish-prone. 

How to use marula oil in your skincare routine

When it comes to skincare, you should apply products from thinnest consistency to thickest, and so oils should be the last thing you layer on (obviously followed by your best sunscreen for face during the day). Oils often act as a sealant for the other products—like your best hyaluronic acid, vitamin C and retinol serums—locking in all those active ingredients and moisture. 

Using a face oil is very straightforward. Place a few drops of oil into the palm of your hand before warming a little and pressing into the skin. A little oil goes a long way and so just a few drops will cover your entire face. Pressing instead of rubbing helps the oil to sink into your skin and prevent products from pilling.

Marula oil is in lots of products these days that are great for your skincare routine. Many of the best moisturizers for dry skin contain marula oil to leverage the benefits of its fatty acid content. As well as skincare, many hair products also use marula oil for its ability to give hair a sleek shine and luster. Here are a few of our favorite marula products to shop now.

Whether you choose to incorporate skin and hair care products into your self-care routine that includes marula oil, or choose to use pure oil as a treatment on your face, marula oil is a useful and safe beauty ingredient that has the potential to give a noticeable boost to the health of your skin.

Get the lowdown on allantoin in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Allantoin is an ingredient that you commonly see in skincare products, but what exactly is it and how does it work?

If you read the ingredients label of many products down the skincare aisle, you’ll probably spot allantoin listed in several of your favorite beauty buys. 

But if you’re not yet versed in its benefits for skin, we’ve broken down everything you need to know about allantoin so that you can decide if it has a place in your own skincare routine order. Here’s what you need to know about it.

What is allantoin?

Allantoin is a chemical compound that results from the metabolic processes of most living things. It's a naturally occurring glyoxylic acid that is now commonly relied on as an effective moisturizer or treatment for dry and damaged skin, so appears in many of the best moisturizers for dry skin.

First discovered back in the 1800s, further investigations revealed that the metabolic processes of nearly every plant, animal, and bacteria utilize allantoin for chemical reactions.

For cosmetic uses, allantoin has historically been extracted from the comfrey plant. Due to sustainability issues with this practice, however, most allantoin commercially available today is synthetically created in a lab, though it's just as beneficial as the compound that occurs naturally.

What are the benefits of allantoin for skin?

Allantoin's primary use in skincare is as a moisturizer and emollient. In addition to its strong moisturizing properties, allantoin can help soften damaged parts of the skin, which allows the dead skin cells to fall off, allowing new smoother and healthier skin to grow.

Allantoin is also incredibly effective at helping to repair damaged skin and reducing scars, and even shows early clinical promise at improving the healing process for serious wounds, according to a 2010 study.

It can function as a mild, topical anti-inflammatory as well. All of these features add together to make it exceedingly useful for treating irritated or damaged areas of the skin, meaning it features commonly in products designed to tackle sore or very dry skin.

How to add allantoin to your skincare routine

Allantoin is a great addition to your regime if you commonly have dry, irritated, or damaged skin. Its emollient features and restorative properties may also help skin conditions like rosacea or psoriasis, or the redness and scarring associated with acne-prone skin. It’s worth noting that allantoin is also non-comedogenic, meaning it won’t clog your pores and can still benefit blemish-prone complexions. 

Allantoin is most commonly found in moisturizer or body cream form. Its quick effects make it a common ingredient in ointments and lotions used to treat extreme dryness and irritation, like cold sore ointment, diaper rash cream, and lotion for dry and cracked hands. The additional first aid properties of allantoin can be a great help in not only treating the often painful symptoms of extremely dry skin but also aid its healing. Here are some allantoin-containing skincare buys to get you started. 

In short, look to allantoin in products when you not only need to soothe irritation but also to heal skin and prevent future issues.

Breakouts, cracked and dry hands, or dry and irritated lips are issues that allantoin will usually be able to soothe. Irritation, be gone. 

Get the lowdown on argan oil in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Argan oil is a moisturizing ingredient that has been used in beauty regimes all over the world for centuries.

Nowadays it’s commonly found in haircare products, but did you know it can also form part of your skincare routine? It’s often used in moisturising products for both the face and body.

Intrigued? Here’s everything you need to know about factoring it into your daily skin regime, and whether it’s suitable for your skin type.

What is argan oil?

Argan oil is a fruit extract from the argan tree, which grows only in Morocco—making it a very precious ingredient. You can buy it as pure oil, but it’s also available in supplement form and is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, including conditioners, soaps and shampoos. 

"A good, emollient, non-fragrant plant oil expressed from the kernels of argan trees, argan oil contains several beneficial lipids and fatty acids for skin, including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and, especially, linoleic acid," says Paula Begoun, founder of cult skincare brand Paula’s Choice.

“It is also a good source of antioxidant vitamin E (tocopherol) and, like several other plant oils, a source of other antioxidant compounds. It’s a great consideration for skin or hair that is dry to very dry."

What are the benefits of argan oil for skin? 

Traditionally, argan oil was used to improve nails, skin, and hair and is often called liquid gold, Moroccan oil, or miracle oil—a name that stems from the many valuable vitamins it contains that help to moisturize and improve skin health.

“Argan oil is packed with skin-boosting fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which a good emollient for the skin,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It also contains skin-boosting antioxidants such as vitamin E. Due to it being unfragranced, it is kinder to the skin than other oils.”

Argan oil also has a comedogenic rating of zero, meaning it shouldn't clog your pores, as it's completely non-comedogenic. Other notable benefits of argan oil include its ability to soften skin, improve texture and smooth wrinkles, support the skin barrier and even keep skin's oil levels in check. 

How to use argan oil in your skincare routine

Generally speaking, argan oil is suitable for all skin types, but it’s always worth doing a patch test to see how your skin reacts before slathering it onto your face or body daily, as—like all new ingredients—it's best to incorporate into your routine gradually. It's important to note though that those with tree nut allergies may be more prone to irritation from a skincare ingredient like argan oil.

Typically, you'll find argan oil as a single ingredient in oil formulas, but you can also find it as an ingredient in face masks, eye creams and some of the best moisturizers. If you’re looking to reap its benefits specifically you’ll want it to sit fairly high on the ingredients list, as this means it’s been used in a beneficial concentration.

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It’s suitable for use in both the morning and evening, and where it sits in your skincare routine will depend on the form it's in. A moisturiser or oil should be the last step in your skincare routine, apart from the mornings when you’ll use the best sunscreen for face before heading out for the day.

For centuries, people have used argan oil because of its roster of benefits—now you can do the same.

Get the 101 on mandelic acid in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Acne, dark spots and wrinkles are skincare issues that many of us experience or will experience. Thankfully many over-the-counter products have ingredients that can address these issues—including the powerful mandelic acid.  

If you haven't heard much about it or you simply want to learn more about it, you're in the right place. To gain a deeper insight into what mandelic acid is, how it works, its benefits, and why you should incorporate it in your skincare routine order, we checked in with an expert to bring you the need-to-knows. Continue reading for your one-stop guide to mandelic acid.

What is mandelic acid?

One of the lesser known skincare ingredients but by no means less effective, mandelic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) found in many skincare products and professional-grade peels. It's commonly extracted from bitter almonds.

“Mandelic acid, like other alpha-hydroxy acids, also removes the upper layer of dead and dying skin cells whilst increasing the overall production of collagen,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “By doing this, it also improves the appearance of acne, wrinkles and hyperpigmentation.

“Mandelic acid is greater in molecular size than other AHAs such as glycolic acid and lactic acid and so is beneficial for those with sensitive skin types who still need to exfoliate their skin,” she adds.

What are the benefits of mandelic acid for skin?

Mandelic acid is a popular ingredient for helping to treat hyperpigmentation and blemishes and can be found in serums, masks, exfoliating toners and some of the best moisturizers. Unlike other exfoliators, it's is gentler on the skin because its molecules are bigger than those of glycolic and lactic acid, which means that it causes less irritation. 

Mandelic works by increasing the turnover rate of cells in the skin by weakening the bonds between skin cells and in turn shedding dead ones. It's also the only AHA that can suppress melanin production, meaning it’s a great ingredient for reducing hyperpigmentation. Some of the other benefits of mandelic acid for skin include:

• Reducing blemishes and acne
• Reducing wrinkles and fine lines 
• Hydration

How to use mandelic acid in your skincare routine

Any alpha-hydroxy acid has the potential to irritate your skin, so it's wise to introduce it gradually when starting to use mandelic acid. You could even pair it with your best hyaluronic acid serums to make sure that you skin is getting extra hydration to soothe it while introducing this new ingredient.

Your biggest need to know is that AHAs cause increased sensitivity to the sun, so it's imperative that you use one of the best sunscreens for face with an SPF of at least 30+ if you're using them in your routine (which you should be doing anyway). For this reason, AHA use is also well suited to your evening skincare routine—unlike vitamin C serums, which can be used morning or night.

As great as they are, AHAs can be applied too often—remember that using them more frequently won’t speed up your results, only cause irritation and potentially damage your skincare barrier. Stick to exfoliating a couple of times a week, building up to once per day if your skin tolerates it well.

In short mandelic acid can help with a whole host of skin conditions and really improve skin texture.

It's a preferred choice for people with sensitive skin because it's less irritating compared to other AHAs, but, as with any new ingredient, should always be incorporated into your routine gradually.

Keep it consistent and if you're unsure about anything, consult a dermatologist. 

Get the 101 on centella asiatica in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

One of the biggest beauty buzzwords of the moment is centella asiatica—also commonly known as cica—which is popping up in more and more skincare products around the world. 

Once you’ve nailed the correct skincare routine order, the next step is to find the products that are best suited to your skin type and main concerns. So if you struggle with irritation or redness, or simply like a soothing product every once in a while, then cica is definitely one to have on your radar.

If you’re already a fan of the best Asian and Korean skincare products then you may have already heard of the plant centella asiatica, as it's been popular in skincare for years. For the uninitiated, here’s what you need to know about it...   

What is centella asiatica?

Native to tropical and subtropical regions, centella asiatica is also sometimes referred to as Gotu Kola, cica, Asiatic pennywort or tiger grass. It’s long been used in ancient medicine and has the latter nickname because wild tigers will often roll in it to help heal wounds when injured.

“Centella Asiatica is an antioxidant-rich herb packed with amino acids, flavonoids and other natural bioactive substances,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. "Its main properties include its ability to hydrate the uppermost layer of skin, reduce transepidermal water loss and reduce inflammation. It is also used to help improve the tightness of the skin."

What are the benefits of centella asiatica for skin?

As we've mentioned, centella asiatica is widely used in skincare thanks to its anti-aging capabilities to keep skin looking youthful. The benefits of this seeming miracle plant don't stop there, though. Research has also shown that centella asiatica can contribute significantly to the development of healthier, more moisturized skin.

The NIH reports, regarding a study of the effect of one of centella asiatica’s main antioxidants, madecassoside, combined with vitamin C on the skin: "Six-month treatment resulted in a significant improvement in firmness, elasticity, and skin hydration, which was confirmed by appropriate biometeorological tests". And as if these antioxidant benefits weren't enough, they also help brighten skin tone by preventing skin discoloration due to exposure to the sun.

It's also important to note another component of centella asiatica that contributes to healthy skin: amino acids. As the building blocks of all proteins in our bodies, they play a crucial role in our overall health and wellbeing, including that of our skin.

They serve an important hydrating function for our skin by pushing moisture below the surface, as well as by improving water retention. Even more important for those fighting sagging skin, they also play a key role in the production of collagen and the repair of damaged cells.

How to add centella asiatica to your skincare routine

If you want to add centella asiatica to your skincare routine, it's very easy to spot on the outer packaging, either splashed across the front or within the ingredients (INCI) list.

You'll find it in all manner of skincare products, from cleansers to face masks, but you're most likely to reap its soothing benefits in products that are absorbed into the skin, like serums and and the best moisturizers. Here are a few picks to shop now. 

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With its numerous beneficial properties for your anti-aging skincare routine, centella asiatica is an ingredient to keep your eye on. Truly an oldie but a goodie!

Get the 101 on beta hydroxy acid (BHA) in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

One of the most popular beauty ingredients of the past few years is easily beta hydroxy acid (not to be confused with alpha hydroxy acids). But you may only recognize it by name and not by what it can do for your skin.

Nailing the correct skincare routine order and the right products for your skin type is essential if you want that coveted “good skin” that everybody’s after. So if you’re looking to improve your skin’s health, condition and tone, you’ve come to the right place.  

Today, we know more about what certain ingredients can do for our skin—and beta hydroxy acid is backed by science to help improve skin’s texture and appearance. Let's take a better look at what beta hydroxy acid is and how it works. 

What is beta hydroxy acid?

In short, beta hydroxy acid, more commonly referred to as BHA, is a topical dermal exfoliant.

"When we speak of beta hydroxy acids we’re referring to salicylic acid, which is one of the most important ingredients for those struggling with oily skin, congestion and acne,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List.

“Unlike many other ‘water-soluble’ exfoliating acids, salicylic acid is soluble in oil, which means that it can cut through the oil that is trapping dirt and bacteria within the skin. It can therefore penetrate deep within the pores to essentially clear them of the debris that ultimately leads to blemishes.”

As well as salicylic acid, per the FDA, other types of beta hydroxy acid include beta hydroxybutanoic acid, trophic acid and trethocanic acid.

What are the benefits of beta-hydroxy acid for skin?

Like AHAs, BHAs can exfoliate the bonds that hold dead skin cells together. This exfoliation process allows newer skin to emerge through to the surface and increases the absorption of other skincare products.

Where salicylic acid is different, however, is that it can penetrate deep into your pores to exfoliate, getting rid of any dirt, debris and oil that has built up in your skin. This makes it a particularly good ingredient for dealing with congested and blemish-prone skin, including ailments like blackheads and acne.

Because of its exfoliating abilities, it's also great at improving skin texture and tone—so things like dullness, dryness and fine lines and wrinkles. It's also an anti-inflammatory ingredient, so is generally considered safe for sensitive or easily-irritated skin types. 

How to use beta hydroxy acid in your skincare routine

Generally salicylic acid is available at concentrations of around 2% in skincare products, although some powerful spot treatments do contain higher levels. A great way to factor salicylic acid into your routine is either through an exfoliating toner, serums or even some of the best moisturizers.

Remember, whenever you're using exfoliating acids in your routine you should always incorporate one of the best sunscreens for face—with a SPF of at least 30—in your routine to protect your skin against the increased sensitivity to the sun. Here are a few of our favorite BHA formulas.

Although beta hydroxy acid is less irritating than many alpha hydroxy acids, it may still be a little harsh for people with very sensitive skin. In most cases, if you experience lasting redness, burning, or experience itchiness after use, most specialists would recommend you try a lower concentration or discontinue use.

It’s important to introduce BHA into your routine gradually to allow your skin to adjust, and it’s always worth doing a patch test with any new product in your skincare routine.

All in all, if you struggle with bumpy skin, blemishes and or clogged pores, using beta hydroxy acid in your skincare routine is a great way to help get on top of it. Clearer and calmer skin is right around the corner...

Get the 101 on sodium hyaluronate in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

You’ve definitely heard of hyaluronic acid, but if you’ve spotted sodium hyaluronate on skincare packaging in its place you might not be sure what that’s all about. Despite their differing names, the two are actually very similar. 

Moisturizers and cleansers are often enriched with this hydrating agent and it can make a really good part of your skincare routine order.

So how does it work for skin and what are its primary benefits? We asked an expert to bring you everything you need to know about sodium hyaluronate. 

What is sodium hyaluronate?

Hyaluronic acid is known as a hero hydrator of the skincare world. It's a substance that naturally occurs in our bodies, found in our tissue, and has a unique ability to hold up to 1,000 times its own weight in water and draws it into the skin. 

Sodium hyaluronate is the salt form of hyaluronic acid, but it's a more stable form and generally has a smaller molecular weight than HA.

What are the benefits of sodium hyaluronate for skin?

Cosmetic products containing sodium hyaluronate hydrate your skin, giving you a plumped and smoother complexion.

“We know and love hyaluronic acid for its ability to hold vast amounts of water molecules on the surface of the skin, which increases the water content of the skin and brings us instant hydration,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “But the salt version of hyaluronic acid allows it to be more readily absorbed into the skin.

“It works best when used alongside different types of hyaluronic acid of different molecular sizes which allows for fuller, deeper penetration into the skin,” she adds. 

How to use sodium hyaluronate in your skincare routine

Like you can use vitamin C morning or night, sodium hyaluronate or the best hyaluronic acid serums are suitable for use as part of both your morning and evening skincare routines. It can be found in pretty much every skincare product type around, but your best bet is to use it in serums—to really get it deep into the layers of your skin—and the best moisturizers for dry skin.

To get the most from sodium hyaluronate, check the list of ingredients for confirmation that it’s definitely in the formula. Then, after layering any additional serums, lock the whole thing in with your moisturizer. Here are a few formulas to inspire your shopping list...

We can assure you that by using a serum containing sodium hyaluronate and hyaluronic acid is your one-way ticket to better hydrated skin! 

Get the 101 on glycerin in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

If you've ever taken a look at the INCI list (ingredients list) on one of your skincare products, you've definitely spotted the word glycerin, one of the most commonly used ingredients in cosmetics.

This moisturizing powerhouse packs a big punch when it comes to skincare benefits, and yet, it's not a huge buzzword in the industry—an unsung hero, if you will. Since glycerin is a key ingredient in so many products, you're probably already using it without even knowing. But consciously choosing products that have glycerin listed as a key ingredient can significantly improve the look and feel of your skin.

In order to get the maximum benefits, let's take a closer look at how glycerin works and how to fit it into your skincare routine order.

What is glycerin?

Glycerin is a compound that's naturally found in all human, plant and animal tissues. Clear and odorless, glycerin can be derived from vegetable oils or made synthetically. Also referred to as glycerol, it’s widely used throughout the cosmetics industry in everything from the best moisturizers to the most popular MAC lipsticks and so much more. 

"In the world of skin care, there are several hardworking ingredients that get very little attention but can be vital to the performance of a skin care product. Glycerin is one such ingredient," says Paula Begoun, founder of Paula's Choice.

"Glycerin is one of the natural components in skin that helps maintain a normal balance and hydration, defending against dryness and working to maintain skin’s moisture level. It is a fundamental cornerstone of most moisturizers and works best when combined with other replenishing and emollient ingredients.” 

What are the benefits of glycerin for skin?

There are many benefits to adding a product with glycerin into your skincare routine. The primary one is improved moisture levels, because it mimics your skin's natural moisturizing abilities—so if you have dry or dehydrated skin, it's as imperative to use as your best hyaluronic acid serum.

“Because glycerin is able to hydrate the skin’s surface, it help improve the skin’s barrier function, protecting your body from external aggressors and accelerating wound healing,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skincare expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It helps to increase the water content of the skin, and is normally paired with a thicker occlusive that can help trap the water within the epidermis.”

“Glycerin has a long history of safe use, and is considered non-allergenic and suitable for all skin types, including breakout-prone skin,” adds Paula. 

Well-moisturized skin tends to look more plump and youthful and, although it doesn't have the power to erase fine lines, glycerin can help to make your skin look and function better, which in turn will complement the other skincare products you use in your routine. 

How do you use glycerin in your skincare routine?

Everyone's skin is different and there's no one-size-fits-all routine, so like with the best vitamin C serums or best retinol serums, figuring out the best products for you could take some experimentation. But regardless of the products you choose, there is a recommended product order to follow for best results. 

Glycerin is found in many of the best moisturizers for dry skin, so you’ll usually apply it after any serums as the last step in your routine—unless you tend to skip this stage and opt for one of the best sunscreens for face instead. This will protect your skin barrier from the outside and prevent water loss so that the serums and other lighter products you applied previously stay in your skin, hard at work. 

At first glance, glycerin may not seem glamorous as other trendy skincare ingredients. But make no mistake, it’s highly effective and can make a huge difference to your skin's functioning and appearance. Your skin will thank you for using it.

Get the 101 on ceramides in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Ceramides are a very popular ingredient in skincare products today—but do you know what they are, how they work and exactly why you should be using them?

A good skincare routine will be made up of a variety of products designed to help maintain your skin’s health, clarity, firmness and softness. The right skincare routine order is critical to maintaining its appearance and how well it responds to external threats in the surrounding environment.

Knowing what ingredients are in your skincare products and how you can use them to help protect your skin can improve both your skin regime and the resulting appearance. Here’s what you need to know about how can ceramides benefit the skin. 

What are ceramides?

These lipid molecules are already present in our skin. “Ceramides are the naturally occurring fats that make up a very large portion of the skin,” explains Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “They hold the skin cells together providing support and structure to the skin.

Ceramides can actually make up as much as 50% of our skin's composition and are integral to its functioning. "They also help to keep it supple by preventing water loss and contributing to the skin’s protective barrier function," Dr Fab adds.

How do ceramides work in skincare?

Essentially, ceramides help to form a protective barrier around your skin to prevent moisture loss and help to keep out any unwanted environmental nasties.

Like the best retinol serums, ceramides also make for an excellent anti-aging ingredient that help to keep your skin moisturized, elastic and plump, which are all important elements of your skin's natural health and appearance. 

“Certain environmental insults and the natural ageing process can lead to a reduction of the levels of ceramides in your skin, predisposing you to blemish-prone skin," explains Dr Fab. "It is therefore important to replenish the levels of ceramides in your skin by adding in this ingredient into your skincare routine.”

How to use ceramides in your skincare routine

The good news is that ceramides are generally suitable for all skin types and conditions. So if you're looking for a product that contains them to help support your skin, these days it’s pretty easy to find these hardworking formulas.

Should a skincare product contain ceramides, you'll usually find it splashed across the packaging, but you can also check the ingredients label for their inclusion—or shop a few of our favourite brands below. 

To really reap the benefits in your skincare routine, try looking for ceramides in your daily serums or moisturizer—it’s these leave-on formulas that are going to have the biggest benefit in the deeper layers of your skin and in its barrier function. And you could even combine it with your best hyaluronic acid serum.

If you want a plumper, better-moisturiser and healthier-looking complexion, you can't really go wrong with ceramides. Add them to your skincare routine ASAP and we're positive you'll be seeing the benefits in your skin with time.

Get the 101 on vitamin E in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

If you are looking for a way to enhance your skin's natural glow, vitamin E is a good place to start.

This fat-soluble, essential nutrient has anti-inflammatory properties and can help with a wide range of skin conditions. So what are its complexion benefits, and where does it best fit into your skincare routine order? Here’s what you need to know about it.

What is vitamin E? 

Vitamin E is an antioxidant, which means it helps to stave off free radicals from the skin by preventing oxidative damage to cells—and in turn means it’s a great anti-ageing ingredient for your complexion. 

“One of the most well-known and researched ingredients for the body and for skin, vitamin E occurs naturally in human skin, where it offers significant antioxidant properties to help defend from pollution and other environmental stressors that would otherwise weaken skin, causing unwanted changes,” says Paula Begoun, founder of cult skincare brand Paula’s Choice.

“Unfortunately, with time and sun damage, skin’s vitamin E decreases, depleting our natural ability to fight the signs of aging," she continues. "But you can absolutely replenish skin with topically applied vitamin E: you’ll most commonly find it listed as tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate on the ingredient list. Tocotrienols are an excellent source, too."

It’s worth reminding you that you can’t fight off the effects of the environment using vitamin E alone: using one of the best sunscreens for face every day, all year round is an absolute must to protect your skin and prevent premature aging. 

What are the benefits of vitamin E for skin? 

“Vitamin E is one of the most important antioxidants for the skin,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It helps to counteract the damage caused by external aggressors that triggers inflammation and blemishes."

She adds: "It helps to support the skin’s immune system and the functioning of the cells, and works nicely alongside other antioxidants, such as vitamin C and ferulic acid.”

Because of its moisturizing, soothing and protective properties, there are specific skin conditions that may benefit from using vitamin E in your routine. These include hyperpigmentation or scarring, wrinkles and fine lines and potentially even eczema.

How to use vitamin E in your skincare routine

Vitamin E is a major component in many skincare products, but most commonly serums and moisturizers. If you want to try out something with vitamin E, consider a treatment serum that’s formulated with other actives for a multi-pronged approach—you’ll benefit most from its antioxidant protection in the morning.

It’s worth remembering that new actives should always be factored into your routine gradually, so that your skin can adjust and you can monitor any sensitivity.

Alternatively, buying a fuss-free thick moisturiser is a good way to go when it comes to this soothing and moisturising ingredient. Apply it as the last step in your routine, apart from during the day when you’ll use a separate SPF.

So vitamin E is definitely an important member of the skincare supporting cast. Add it into your daily regime alongside other actives and you're sure to see visible results over time.

Get the lowdown on glycolic acid in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

There are a lot of options available for skincare, and they all have different active ingredients, like glycolic acid. It can be hard to keep up with what they all do.

This alpha-hydroxy acid is one of the most widely-used ingredients on the market right now, and found in many good skincare routine these days. 

But what is this tiny molecule, how does it work, and when do dermatologists recommend using it? Keep reading to find out. 

What is glycolic acid? 

Glycolic is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA), exfoliants that work on the topmost, dead layer of skin, peeling it off to reveal the softer, fresher skin below it. It was traditionally sourced from sugar cane, but nowadays it's also produced synthetically. 

“Glycolic acid is the most effective AHA due to its small molecular size which allows it to penetrate deep into the skin’s surface,” explains Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It is particularly effective in treating acne, hyperpigmentation and wrinkles. 

“However, due to its high performance and overall strength it may also be less appropriate for those prone to sensitive skin and can often lead to irritation and inflammation.”

Glycolic acid benefits: What does glycolic acid do?

Glycolic acid speeds up cell turnover; it works to remove the top layer of skin by breaking down the bonds that hold dead skin cells together, revealing fresher and softer skin. This makes it a great choice for both skin that's prone to dullness and dryness, and blemish- and acne-prone skin. 

The benefits of glycolic acid for skin don't stop there, though. As well as the above, it's a great ingredient for improving the evenness of skin tone and also helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. 

Because the molecules of glycolic acid are so tiny, they can penetrate the skin more easily than most other exfoliants. This makes it a popular ingredient in professional-grade chemical peels.

How to use glycolic acid in your skincare routine

Glycolic acid has been available on the commercial market for decades now, so it's far from a new innovation, but it’s really only become popular with the masses within the last 10 years, so there are now tonnes of products to choose from—from cleansers to serums to toners. 

The most important factor to consider when adding any alpha hydroxy acid to your skincare routine is that AHAs—including glycolic acid—will make you more sensitive to UV rays. It's therefore imperative that you use one of the best sunscreens for face with an SPF of at least 30 during the day if you're using glycolic in your routine (although you should be doing that anyway).

Like you can use vitamin C morning or night, you can do the same with glycolic acid. But because it can make skin more sensitive to the sun, it is also well suited to your evening skincare routine.

Although it's generally safe for all skin types (apart from very sensitive), many experts say you don't need to use glycolic acid regularly until your mid-to-late twenties when your skin is a bit more resilient, unless tackling blemishes is your concern.

And just be aware that it can sometimes make skin feel slightly parched or maybe a bit sensitive, so it's always a good idea to pair with one of the best hyaluronic acid serums or best moisturizers for dry skin. But we''d avoid pairing it with anything like vitamin C and retinol. Here are a few of our favourite glycolic products. 

Glycolic acid products to include in your skincare routine

It's also extremely important not to overuse this powerful ingredient. More doesn't equal better results; you will only cause harm to your skin barrier and possibly end up with post-inflammatory pigmentation. Always follow the instructions on your specific product, but a good rule of thumb is to start by using a toner a couple of times a week, building up as and when your skin tolerates it.

In short, glycolic acid is a powerful little molecule, and its results are real. It's one of the fastest-acting skin ingredients on the market. Make sure you're using it wisely and not overdoing it, and you’ll be sure to reap its benefits in no time.

Get the 101 on benzoyl peroxide in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Any acne or breakout sufferers will likely have heard of benzoyl peroxide. It's been hailed as a magical fix for spots, with many attesting to its ability to stop a developing blemish in its tracks.

So if your skin is particularly prone to acne or breakouts, you'll likely want to include the cult ingredient in your skincare routine order to try and help reduce pesky breakouts.

But what exactly is it, what forms does it come in, how does it work and how do you use benzoyl peroxide in your routine? We break it down below.

What is benzoyl peroxide?

Benzoyl peroxide is one of the most well-known acne-fighting ingredients; the American Academy of Pediatrics actually calls it "the most effective acne treatment you can get without a prescription".

It comes in many over-the-counter forms, including cleansers, gels, wipes and pastes—which could be a popular option for those who try using aspirin for acne. These products can contain benzoyl peroxide in different strengths, with 5% and 10% being the most common.

“Considered the most effective over-the-counter topical antibacterial agent in the treatment of acne, benzoyl peroxide has the ability to penetrate into the hair follicle to reach and kill the anaerobic bacteria that cause acne, clearing a major acne trigger,” explains Paula Begoun, founder of cult skincare brand Paula’s Choice. “This not only helps diminish and improve current acne breakouts, but also helps prevent future breakouts and minimizes the redness that accompanies acne as well.

“What’s especially exciting is that research has shown topical application of benzoyl peroxide doesn’t disrupt the skin’s microbiome,” she adds. “If anything, it can have a balancing effect as it works to control the proliferation of acne-causing bacteria.”

What are the benefits of benzoyl peroxide for skin?

“Benzoyl Peroxide is a chemical compound whose powerful antimicrobial properties are well known for helping to reduce the bacteria that live on the surface of the skin,” says Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, aka Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It is safe, cost-effective and found in many prescription and cosmetic products to help decrease the bacteria-induced inflammation that leads to the development of acne.”

But its benefits don’t stop there; not only is benzoyl peroxide a preventative ingredient, it also treats blemishes too—so is great for those looking to get rid of pimples and unclog pores at home. She adds: “As well as reducing inflammation, it also exfoliates and unclogs the pores, helping to fight acne from multiple different angles.”

How to use benzoyl peroxide in your skincare routine

Benzoyl peroxide comes in many different types of over-the-counter products, from face and body washes to gels, lotions and some of the best moisturizers. According to Dr Fab, it’s “best placed after your cleanser and toner and before your moisturiser at night time.”

How you will use it will depend partly on what suits your lifestyle and your skin type or condition. As always, it's best to consult with your doctor or a pharmacist if you're unsure which suits you best (a reminder that many benzoyl peroxide products are only available over the counter or on prescription in the UK).

With benzoyl peroxide, your first step before regular use should always be to check whether you have an allergic reaction by placing a small amount of the substance on an area affected by acne for three days. If you don't have a negative reaction, you're likely safe to proceed with use. Whatever product you opt for, always follow the instructions on the skincare packaging carefully for best and safe use. It's safe to use alongside your best hyaluronic acid serum, but maybe alternate with using vitamin C or retinol. And always make sure to follow with one of the best sunscreens for face.

• View at Glossier in the US
• View at Glossier in the UK

Are there any side effects of benzoyl peroxide?

According to the NHS, common side effects of benzoyl peroxide include dryness, red or peeling skin and irritation, affecting more than 10% of people who use it. If these effects persist, talk to your doctor or a pharmacist. 

Rare effects (fewer than one in 1,000 people) include swelling and blisters, and are worth checking with a doctor if they persist. Serious allergic reactions are rare, but in this instance always seek immediate medical attention. 

But overall, this ingredient is a great weapon for any person struggling with severe breakouts to have in their arsenal. It's earned its reputation as an acne-buster for a reason and many have found it helpful in restoring their clear, pimple-free skin.

Get the 101 on antioxidants in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Antioxidants are one of the most essential ingredients in skincare thanks to their ability to protect against free radicals, which come from harmful envrionmental aggressors.

There are several products in the typical skincare routine that contain antioxidants—namely vitamin C, but there are a few other products that antioxidants work well with too.

But what exactly do antioxidants do for the skin, why are they so essential and how can you best include them in your routine? We break it down here...

What are antioxidants? 

Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidation, and their properties are thought to reduce cellular damage by neutralizing free radicals. Free radicals are tiny molecules that contain oxygen and an odd number of electrons. Without getting too technical, antioxidants essentially neutralize free radicals by balancing out the number of electrons.

While the human body does produce some antioxidants, our diet is a great way to get antioxidants into our bodies. Some dietary antioxidants include beta-carotene, lycopene, selenium, lutein, manganese, zeaxanthin, vitamins A, C, and E. Fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, eggs, and dairy products are good sources of natural antioxidants. Blueberries, goji berries, strawberries, raspberries, artichokes, beans, dark chocolate and most superfoods are also excellent sources of antioxidants.

What are the benefits of antioxidants in skincare?

Just like in our bodies when we consume them, antioxidants also offer some environmental protection to our skin by defending against free radicals that cause said oxidative damage, and shield against other aggressors such as pollution and UV rays. 

According to an article published in the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (NLM NIH): "The management of topical and oral antioxidants can help dermatologist to intervene in the oxidative processes safely and effectively since they know the mechanisms, limitations and potential risks of using these molecules as well as the potential benefits of available associations".

Found in products like La Roche-Posay Pure Vitamin C10 Serum and Origins GinZing Moisturizer, antioxidants are also widely referred to as a great anti-aging ingredient in skincare because of their protective abilities, helping to brighten skin for a more youthful glow.

How to add antioxidants to your skincare routine

Like how you can generally use vitamin C morning or night, antioxidants can be used included in both your morning and evening skincare routines. But as they offer a level of environmental protection it makes sense to use them in the morning as part of a leave-on formula, like in a serum and/or your best moisturizer. 

Vitamin C, vitamin E and green tea are all examples of skincare ingredients with antioxidant properties. Use a vitamin C serum to help protect your skin from damaging free radicals; the best vitamin C serums are also especially effective at reversing signs of ageing by encouraging collagen production. 

When it comes to how to use vitamin C serum and other antioxidant products, remember to always follow up your morning skincare routine one of the best sunscreens for face (at least SPF 30) to protect your skin from the sun's harmful UV rays.

Retinol, one of the few proven ingredients that can smooth fine lines and wrinkles, is also an example of a skincare ingredient with antioxidant benefits, though most people opt to use it in the evenings. Try introducing one of the best retinol serums to your skincare routine to reap its benefits. 

If you experience any adverse reaction to a skincare product, discontinue use immediately and consult your doctor if necessary. Skincare is a long-term game. 

Breakouts may start to wither quickly with the right treatment, but most skincare benefits will rely on consistent use over weeks or months. Add antioxidants to your skincare regime and we’re confident you’ll see an improvement in your complexion with time. 

Get the lowdown on ferulic acid in this instalment of Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Ferulic acid is one of those relatively mysterious ingredients that many vitamin C stans may have noticed tailgating the popular antioxidant on their product labels. But it plays much more than just a supporting role.

Not only does it work brilliantly at steadying the vitamin C component to help it last longer, it also comes with a host of its own antioxidant benefits that are essential to have in any healthy skincare routine.

In this guide we’ll break down ferulic acid so that you get a better idea of exactly what it does, plus a few of the top products to shop now. 

What is ferulic acid?

Ferulic acid, aka hydroxycinnamic acid, is naturally found in various foods, including bran, oats, citrus, rice, apples and eggplant. It gained the attention of scientists when they noticed its ability to fight free radicals and increase the effectiveness of vitamins A, C, and E.

“Ferulic acid is a naturally-occurring plant-based antioxidant that works effectively on its own or in conjunction with other powerful antioxidants, such as vitamin C or E,” explains Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. “It significantly protects the skin from the sun and sun-induced hyperpigmentation, which is why it is often found in a lot of sunscreen formulas.”

Ferulic acid benefits for the skin

Ferulic acid greatly decreases damage caused by free radicals from occurring in the first place. Although it won't repair the damage that has already been done to your cells, it does form a sort of shield that stops further damage from occurring. It can also reduce the appearance of wrinkles and pigmentation, fight inflammation and help fade dark spots.

As mentioned, ferulic acid is also special because it works well with other antioxidants, like vitamins C and E—so you'll often find it in some of the best vitamin C serums. It increases their already potent abilities to fight free radicals in your body, thus preventing cell damage. A study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found that "Ferulic acid alone (and vitamins C and E) provides partial protection, but vitamins C, E and ferulic acid [altogether] provide virtually complete protection."

The other benefit of ferulic acid is that it's a fantastic stabilizer. This means that vitamins that normally deteriorate quickly, like vitamin C, will last longer in the presence of ferulic acid. Your skincare products therefore won’t deteriorate as quickly.

When should I use ferulic acid?

Ferulic acid can technically be used any time of day—just like you can use vitamin C morning or night too—but it makes sense to use it in the morning to protect against any environmental effects. However, you should always be sure to follow it with one of the best sunscreens for face in order to keep your skin fully protected from the sun, as anything with vitamin C in it (which is usually most ferulic acid products) can make the skin more sensitive to sun damage and even immediate sunburn.

The most common formula is in serum form, where you'll usually find it alongside the aforementioned antioxidants like vitamins C and E. As it usually comes with vitamin C, which can be an unstable ingredient, we'd recommend investing in a mini fridge for skincare to help you get the most out of your chosen products. Here are a few ferulic-containing product options to choose from and add into your skincare routine. 

My Imperfect Life's favorite ferulic acid products

Ferulic acid has no known side effects; however, sometimes, it can be too powerful for people with sensitive skin. It is always recommended that you start with a small bit of it on your skin as you would with any new skin care product.

Rest assured if you add it to your skincare routine you'll soon start seeing the benefits with consistent use.

Get the 101 on alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) in this Skincare 101—our comprehensive skincare dictionary of every ingredient that you need to know about.

Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are touted as some of the best exfoliators in skincare—but there are few different types to be aware of and they all work for different skin types and needs.

Determining which alpha hydroxy acids you need to best care for your skin can take some research and trial and error—and learning where to include them in your skincare routine order is essential to getting the most out of them.

So if you want to include lactic acid, glycolic acid or any of their other AHA counterparts in your skincare routine, this is everything you need to know to make sure you get the very best alpha hydroxy acid benefits for your skin.

What are alpha hydroxy acids?

"Alpha hydroxy acids are powerful exfoliators that help to remove dead and dying skin cells that have been shed and clog the skin, leading to blemishes and buildup," explains Dr Kemi Fabusiwa, AKA Dr Fab, skin expert and ambassador for The INKEY List. "They help to make way for the younger, healthier cells underneath and can also stimulate collagen production in the dermis of the skin.

"Alpha hydroxy acids come in different molecular sizes, which allows them to penetrate varying depths into the skin," she adds.

The term alpha hydroxy acids refers to a group of acid ingredients—and there are several different types (most of which are derived from plants). Some of the most popular AHAs used in skincare include the following:

Glycolic acid

• Derived from: Sugarcane
• Benefits: This is the strongest of the alpha hydroxy acids, as it has the smallest AHA molecules meaning that it can penetrate deeper and more quickly into the skin.
• Who should use it? Anyone looking tackle dark patches, sun damage, uneven texture, blocked pore or wrinkles quickly and effectively. It works best for normal, combination and oily skin types.

Lactic acid

• Derived from: Usually derived from sour milk, but there are also vegan sources available—such as corn starch
• Benefits: Bigger molecules mean that it's more gentle on skin, while its humectant properties improve the skin's moisture barrier by encouraging it to make more ceramides. The acid also increases hydration and works to keep the skin's microbiome in a healthy condition.
• Who should use it? Anyone with dry or dehydrated skin.

Mandelic acid

• Derived from: Almonds
• Benefits: Has a relatively gentle impact on the skin, thanks to it large molecules that are double the size of those in glycolic acid.
• Who should use it? Those looking to smooth uneven texture or tackle uneven skin tone. It's also a great choice for sensitive skin types. Those with oily skin should may prefer to avoid it, as some evidence has shown that it can increase sebum production.

Citric acid

• Derived from: Citrus fruits
• Benefits: Brightens skin
• Who should use it? Those looking to brighten skin—however it should be avoided by sensitive skin types as it can cause stinging.

Malic acid

• Derived from: Apples and pears
• Benefits: Reduces the appearance of wrinkles and uneven skin tone and texture.
• Who should use it? Anyone wanting to smooth uneven texture or tackle uneven skin tone.

Alpha hydroxy acid benefits: What does alpha hydroxy acid do?

The benefits of alpha hydroxy acids are almost endless. The main one is that they slough off dead skin and give skin a fresh, bright and rejuvenated look with added radiance. Some of the common skin imperfections that can be lessened with the use of alpha hydroxy acid include wrinkles, blemishes and dark spots.

Though the FDA has conducted tests on AHAs and found them to be safe for cosmetic use, alpha-hydroxy acids do come with some risk of irritation—but it’s easily avoided.

If you’re new to using them, always introduce them gradually into your routine by doing a patch test or waiting a few days to see if you experience any adverse side effects. Look for lower concentrations of AHAs around or under the 10% mark. 

How to use alpha hydroxy acids in your skincare routine

Alpha hydroxy acids cause an increased sensitivity to sun exposure, so it's imperative that you follow them with one of the best sunscreens for face (which you should be doing anyway) and always use an SPF of at least 30. For this reason, AHA use is also well suited to your evening skincare routine—however it's best to alternate with your best retinol serum rather than combining them as this could be too harsh on the skin. Same goes for your best vitamin C serum—whether you're using your vitamin C in the morning or at night.

AHAs can be found in pretty much every type of skincare product, from cleansers to serums and even some of the best moisturizers. A very popular format is exfoliating toners—tonics that are applied to the skin to sweep off dead skin cells to reveal your brighter complexion underneath.

However, it's worth noting that AHAs can be applied too often—using them more frequently won’t speed up your results, but will only cause irritation and potentially damage your skin barrier. Always follow the skincare product's instructions, but generally stick to exfoliating a couple of times a week, building up to once per day if your skin tolerates it well.

If you find your skin becomes bothered or you experience dry patches, it's best to reduce either the level of AHA in your product or your frequency of use. And replenish your skin with your best hyaluronic acid serum and one of the best moisturizers for dry skin.

Alpha hydroxy acid products

Ready to give AHAs a try? These are some of our favorite products to dip your toe in with...

Overall, alpha hydroxy acids are clearly great for anyone who wants to get glowing, bright skin. So if you are looking for radiant skin, a product containing AHAs might just be the perfect solution for you.